Resumen: El interés e involucramiento de los estudiantes por su propio aprendizaje en virtualidad durante la pandemia por la COVID-19 ha sido una realidad poco estudiada. La manifestación del involucramiento cognitivo, afectivo y conductual ha sido particularmente diferente durante los últimos años, por lo que contar con instrumentos de medición es necesario para la investigación en la educación. Por ello, se buscó adaptar y validar un instrumento de engagement que permita medir el involucramiento de los estudiantes durante la pandemia. Para ello, se aplicó un cuestionario de engagement a 297 estudiantes universitarios. Los resultados indican que la estructura factorial original del modelo se mantiene al adaptarse a la educación en contexto virtual. Asimismo, se pudo identificar que no existen diferencias en el modelo según el sexo del participante, lo que corrobora invarianza factorial. Se ha podido adaptar y validar un instrumento psicométrico que mide el engagement de los estudiantes en virtualidad.

Abstract: Students’ interest and involvement of students in their e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic has been a little-studied reality. The manifestation of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral involvement has been particularly different in recent years, so having instruments that allow it to be done is necessary for educational research. Therefore, it was sought to adapt and validate an engagement instrument that allows measuring the involvement of students during the pandemic. For this, an engagement questionnaire was applied to 297 university students. The results indicate that the original factorial structure of the model is maintained when adapting to education in a virtual context. Likewise, it was possible to identify that there were no differences in the model according to the gender of the participant, which corroborates a factorial invariance of the model. That is, it has been possible to adapt and validate a psychometric instrument that measures the engagement of students online.

Resumo: O interesse e o envolvimento dos estudantes no seu próprio aprendizado virtual durante a pandemia do covid-19 tem sido uma realidade pouco estudada. A manifestação de envolvimento cognitivo, afetivo e comportamental tem sido particularmente diferente nos últimos anos, por isso contar com instrumentos de mensuração é necessário para a pesquisa em educação. Por conseguinte, procurou-se adaptar e validar um instrumento de engagement que permita medir o envolvimento dos estudantes durante a pandemia. Para isso, foi aplicado um questionário de engagement a 297 estudantes universitários. Os resultados indicam que a estrutura fatorial original do modelo é mantida quando adaptada à educação num contexto virtual. Também foi possível identificar que não havia diferenças no modelo segundo o sexo do participante, o que corrobora a invariância fatorial. Foi possível adaptar e validar um instrumento psicométrico que mede o engagement dos estudantes no contexto virtual.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become a significant public health issue. 5 % of the patients required endotracheal intubation due to acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, leading to an increased number of consultations for tracheal stenosis. This work was done with the aim of presenting the results of tracheal resection in patients with post-COVID-19 stenosis. Material and methods: Analytical, prospective, observational study. 11 patients were included. The preoperative and postoperative evaluation was the same for all patients. Post-surgical ventilation and phonation were assessed up to 30 days. The Clavien and Dindo classification was used to grade post-surgical complications, with follow-up extended up to 60 post-surgical days. Statistical analysis: the Wilcoxon test was used to compare the results. Results: 27.2 % of the patients had postoperative complications. The comparison of pre- and postoperative ventilation (p < 0.05) was statistically significant, with improvement in the postoperative period. When comparing pre- and postoperative fiberoptic bronchoscopy (tracheal lumen diameter), the result was also statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results obtained are similar to those expressed in the literature. Tracheal resection is a safe and effective procedure and should be considered as first-line treatment for tracheal stenosis.

RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 se convirtió en un importante problema de salud pública. El 5 % de los pacientes requirió intubación endotraqueal por insuficiencia respiratoria aguda hipoxémica, y se generó un aumento de consulta por estenosis traqueal. Se realizó el trabajo con el objetivo de expresar los resultados de la cirugía de resección traqueal en pacientes con estenosis post COVID 19. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, observacional, analítico. Se incluyeron 11 pacientes. La evaluación prequirúrgica y postquirúrgica fue la misma en todos los pacientes. Se valoró en el postquirúrgico la ventilación y la fonación hasta los 30 días. Se utilizó la clasificación de Clavien y Dindo para calificar a las complicaciones post-quirúrgicas, con seguimiento hasta los 60 días postquirúrgicos. Análisis estadístico: se aplicó prueba de Wilcoxon para comparar los resultados. Resultados: El 27.2 % de los pacientes tuvieron complicaciones postquirúrgicas. Fue estadísticamente significativa la comparación de la ventilación entre el prequirúrgico y el postquirúrgico (p<0.05) con mejoría en el postquirúrgico. Al comparar la fibrobroncoscopía prequirúrgica con la postquirúrgica (diámetro de la luz traqueal) también el resultado fue estadísticamente significativo (p <0.05). Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos son similares a los expresados en la literatura. La cirugía de resección traqueal es un procedimiento seguro y efectivo y debe ser considerada como tratamiento de primera línea para la estenosis traqueal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become a significant public health issue. 5 % of the patients required endotracheal intubation due to acute hypox emic respiratory failure, leading to an increased number of consultations for tracheal stenosis. This work was done with the aim of presenting the results of tracheal resection in patients with post-COVID-19 stenosis. Material and methods: Analytical, prospective, observational study. 11 patients were included. The preoperative and postoperative evaluation was the same for all patients. Post-surgical ventilation and phonation were assessed up to 30 days. The Clavien and Dindo classification was used to grade post-surgical complications, with follow-up extended up to 60 post-surgical days. Statistical analysis: the Wilcoxon test was used to compare the results. Results: 27.2 % of the patients had postoperative complications. The comparison of pre- and postoperative ventilation (p < 0.05) was statistically significant, with improve ment in the postoperative period. When comparing pre- and postoperative fiberoptic bronchoscopy (tracheal lumen diameter), the result was also statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results obtained are similar to those expressed in the literature. Tra cheal resection is a safe and effective procedure and should be considered as first-line treatment for tracheal stenosis.

RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 se convirtió en un importante problema de salud pública. El 5 % de los pacientes requirió intubación endotraqueal por insuficien cia respiratoria aguda hipoxémica, y se generó un aumento de consulta por estenosis traqueal. Se realizó el trabajo con el objetivo de expresar los resultados de la cirugía de resección traqueal en pacientes con estenosis post COVID 19. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, observacional, analítico. Se incluyeron 11 pacientes. La evaluación prequirúrgica y postquirúrgica fue la misma en todos los pacientes. Se valoró en el postquirúrgico la ventilación y la fonación hasta los 30 días. Se utilizó la clasificación de Clavien y Dindo para calificar a las complicaciones post-quirúrgicas, con seguimiento hasta los 60 días postquirúrgicos. Análisis estadístico: se aplicó prueba de Wilcoxon para comparar los resultados. Resultados: El 27.2 % de los pacientes tuvieron complicaciones postquirúrgicas. Fue estadísticamente significativa la comparación de la ventilación entre el prequirúrgico y el postquirúrgico (p<0.05) con mejoría en el postquirúrgico. Al comparar la fibrobron coscopía prequirúrgica con la postquirúrgica (diámetro de la luz traqueal) también el resultado fue estadísticamente significativo (p <0.05). Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos son similares a los expresados en la literatura. La cirugía de resección traqueal es un procedimiento seguro y efectivo y debe ser considerada como tratamiento de primera línea para la estenosis traqueal.

Resumen El objetivo de este ensayo es analizar el discurso sionista-costarricense sobre el derecho de propiedad y el asentamiento judío en Palestina divulgado en el HATIKVA (1943-1945), con el propósito de entender, bajo una perspectiva histórica, el posicionamiento de la comunidad judía en Costa Rica sobre el territorio palestino y la población árabe. La investigación sigue el enfoque de etnicidad centrado en la ''condición de existencia similar'' caracterizada por la condición judía, la afinidad ideológica y las formas simbólicas del colectivo. Además, se parte del análisis de las relaciones semánticas de nivel superior y de la evaluación de las estrategias de legitimación del discurso. Esto ha mostrado un discurso con una lectura teleológica y lineal de la historia judía a partir de la perspectiva etnocéntrica askenazi, donde se creó un nuevo paradigma identitario mediante la exaltación del ethnos-milenario y la hebraización del territorio palestino como herramienta legitimadora del derecho de propiedad y asentamiento judío en Palestina. Adicionalmente, se identifica una lógica binaria en la que se explota la otredad de lo árabe-oriental, bajo una visión hegemónica y de dominación del grupo ashkenazi sobre el resto de grupos étnicos judíos y de la población árabe.

Abstract This essay aims to analyze the Zionist-Costa Rican discourse about property rights and the Jewish settlement in Palestine published in HATIKVA during 1943-1945 to understand from a historical perspective the position of the Jewish community in Costa Rica regarding the Palestinian territory and the Arab population. The research follows the ethnicity approach based on the condition of similar existence characterized by the Jewishness, the ideological affinity, and the symbolic forms of the traditional system of the group. In addition, the essay analyzed the higher-level semantic relations and the strategies for legitimizing the discourse. Under this line, the discourse showed a teleological and linear interpretation of Jewish history. Besides, the discourse revealed the construction of a new identity paradigm through the exaltation of the millinery ethos. Also, the discourse legitimized the right to Jewish property and settlement in Palestine throughout the Hebraization of the Palestinian territory. Finally, the discourse exhibited a binary logic that exploits the Arab-Oriental's otherness under the domination and hegemonic vision of the Ashkenazi group over the rest of the Jewish ethnic groups and the Arab population.

ABSTRACT In response to the health emergency, higher education institutions had to forcibly migrate to virtual education. This has impacted the educational context, both in terms of teaching and learning. The following article analyzes the particular features of virtual education and the principles of teaching in this context. Also, proposals are described for the designing of virtual educational experiences that take into account motivational theories, learning theories, and instructional design applied to e-learning. Also, the challenges for university education posed by the pandemic are discussed, and lines of action are proposed for the creation of e-learning experiences. It is concluded that there is an urgent need for the training of teachers in the use of the different available tools for virtual education, and for recognition of the unique character of virtual education, compared to traditional in-person learning.

RESUMEN Como respuesta a la emergencia sanitaria, las instituciones de educación superior han tenido que migrar forzosamente a la virtualidad. Esto ha impactado en los actores educativos y los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje. En este artículo se analizarán las características particulares de la educación virtual y los principios de la enseñanza en este contexto. Asimismo, se describirán propuestas para diseñar experiencias educativas virtuales considerando las teorías motivacionales del aprendizaje, y el diseño instruccional aplicado a la educación virtual. En esta misma línea, se discuten los retos que impone la pandemia para la educación universitaria y se proponen líneas de acción para la creación de experiencias educativas no presenciales. Se concluye que existe una necesidad imperante de capacitar a los profesores de tal manera que puedan usar las distintas herramientas digitales a su disposición y reconocer la unicidad de la educación virtual en contraposición a las clases tradicionales.

RESUMEN. Objetivo/Contexto: La ciencia de datos es considerada un enfoque novedoso y promisorio empleado en la obtención y análisis de información en múltiples disciplinas científicas. A pesar de su amplia difusión y aceptación, el uso de técnicas basadas en la ciencia de datos en el campo de los estudios globales está en ciernes. En este contexto, este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir las contribuciones y desafíos metodológicos que la ciencia de datos puede aportar a la disciplina de los estudios globales. Metodología: Este artículo parte del análisis crítico de información sobre los fundamentos conceptuales de la ciencia de datos y lo contrasta con sus posibles aplicaciones en la disciplina de los estudios globales. De esta manera, se examinan los elementos conceptuales que definen la ciencia de datos, se establecen las concepciones paradigmáticas de los estudios globales, se analizan los vínculos posibles entre la ciencia de datos y los estudios globales y se discuten los límites y alcances que la ciencia de datos puede aportar como enfoque metodológico. Conclusiones: Este artículo concluye que las herramientas tecnológicas basadas en big data pueden enriquecer nuestra comprensión sobre los fenómenos globales, siempre y cuando se asuma una actitud crítica que reconozca que tanto la elección de los datos como su análisis están embebidos en contextos históricos y sociales. Por lo tanto, como cualquier otro enfoque, la ciencia de datos representa una manera parcial de capturar y analizar información. Originalidad: La originalidad de este artículo recae en asumir una reflexión crítica sobre los alcances y límites de la ciencia de datos, más allá de una visión positivista del conocimiento científico, reconociendo los sesgos que existen detrás de las explicaciones supuestamente neutrales que encierra el empleo de técnicas de investigación basadas en la ciencia de datos.

ABSTRACT. Objective/Context: Big Data is a novel and promising methodological approach to acquire and analyze information from an extensive range of scientific disciplines. Despite the fact that Big Data has wide dissemination and acceptance in different scientific disciplines, its use in the field of Global Studies is still incipient. Taking this into account, this paper discusses the methodological challenges and presumable contributions that Big Data offers to Global Studies. Methodology: The starting point for this paper is the critical analysis of the conceptual bases of Big Data and its relationships with Global Studies. So, this paper proposes the possible applications of Big Data in the Global Studies contrasting some key concept. In this way, the conceptual elements that define Data Science are examined and compared with the paradigmatic conceptions of Global Studies. On these conceptual fundaments, the article discusses links, limits and, scopes of Big Data and how it can contribute to Global Studies. Conclusions: This paper concludes that technological tools based on Big Data can enrich our understanding of global phenomena only if we position ourselves in a critical attitude that recognizes that the choice of data and its analysis are decisions embedded in historical and social contexts. In this way, as with any other methodological approach, Big Data is only a partial way to obtain and analyze information. Originality: The originality of this paper is to shed critical light on the scope and limits of Big Data, beyond a positivist vision of scientific knowledge. In other words, this article recognizes the biases behind the supposed neutral explanations regarding the use of techniques based on Big Data.

RESUMO. Objetivo/Contexto: A ciência de dados é considerada uma abordagem nova e promissora, utilizada por várias disciplinas científicas para a obtenção e análise de informações. Apesar de sua ampla disseminação e aceitação, o uso de técnicas baseadas na ciência de dados no campo de estudos globais está em estágio inicial. Nesse contexto, este artigo tem como objetivo discutir as contribuições e desafios metodológicos que a ciência de dados pode trazer para a disciplina de estudos globais. Metodologia: Este artigo analisa críticamente os fundamentos conceituais da ciência de dados e os compara com as possíveis aplicações na área de estudos globais. Desse modo, este artigo examina os elementos conceituais que definem a ciência de dados, estabelece os paradigmas conceituais dos estudos globais, analisa as possíveis ligações entre ciência de dados e estudos globais, e discute como os limites e alcance da ciência de dados pode contribuir como abordagem metodológica. Conclusões: este artigo conclui que as ferramentas tecnológicas baseadas em big data podem enriquecer nossa compreensão sobre os fenômenos globais, desde que seja assumida uma atitude crítica que reconheça que a seleção dos dados e sua análise estão incorporadas em contextos históricos e sociais. Deste modo, como em qualquer outra abordagem, a ciência de dados representa um modo tendencioso de capturar e analisar informações. Originalidade: A originalidade deste artigo consiste em assumir uma reflexão crítica sobre o alcance e os limites da ciência de dados, além de fornecer uma visão positivista do conhecimento científico, reconhecendo a parcialidade que existe por trás das explicações supostamente neutras sobre o emprego de técnicas de pesquisa baseadas em ciência de dados.

Abstract Introduction Sporotrichosis is a common disease in tropical regions, caused by the fungus Sporothrix schenckii, affecting mainly rural workers and in direct contact with animals. Although treatment by indiscriminate use of oral antifungal drugs gives rise resistant isolates, leading to therapeutic failures and no remission of the disease. To evaluate the effectiveness of red low-power laser photobiomodulation in inactivation of S. schenckii infection induced in rodents. Methods Subcutaneously inoculation (2x103 S. schenckii/ml, 0.2 ml suspension) in the left footpad, in 27 mice divided into: control (n = 6, inoculated, without irradiation): early stage (not inoculated) = 1th biopsy; intermediate (9 weeks of evolution) = 2nd biopsy; final (21 weeks of evolution) = 3th biopsy. Treated (n = 21, inoculated and irradiated): early (13 weeks of evolution, 4 weeks after first irradiation) = 4th biopsy, intermediate (17 weeks of evolution, 8 weeks after first irradiation) = 5th biopsy, final (21 weeks of evolution, 12 weeks after first irradiation) = 6th biopsy. Serial irradiation with biopsies occurred every 30 days during each month, for three months. At the end of testing, the mice were euthanized, and histological analyzes of biopsies were performed. Results Each laser treatment session showed an inactivation of S. schenckii in treated animals compared to controls, with a regression of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, chronic inflammation, neutrophils, granulomas, giant mononuclear cells and steroid corpuscles. Conclusion The laser photobiomodulation was effective on S. schenckii inactivation, appearing to be an interesting therapeutic option in infections caused by this organism.

ABSTRACT Fournier's Gangrene (FG) is an infectious disease caused by several synergic microbes, with high morbidity and mortality rates; therefore, the search for new less invasive and mutilating treatments, with faster recovery, has been proposed. Surgical intervention, the use of several systemic and topic antibiotics, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy are currently the best approach for the treatment of these patients. The use of Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) aims to lower morbidity and mortality, by reducing bacterial microbiota and speeding wound healing. In the present study, viable bacteria were separated in four groups: Group L-/F- (no irradiation with red laser and absence of methylene blue photosensitizer), Group L-/F+ (no irradiation with red laser and presence of methylene blue), Group L+/F- (irradiation with red laser and absence of methylene blue) and L+/F+ (irradiation with red laser associated to methylene blue). In all groups, exposure time to treatment was 5, 10 and 15 minutes. The concentration of methylene blue photosensitizer was 0.1mg/L, and the dose of red laser (660nm wave length) was 176.9mW/cm2. Following irradiation, the reduction of number of bacteria was evaluated, and the results were expressed in colony forming units (CFU) and as exponential reduction. As the main results, in the L+/F+ group, there were no Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus aureus CFUs and there was a reduction of Escherichia coli that was not observed in the other groups.

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a associação entre zumbido e disfunção temporomandibular em idosos. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com a inclusão de idosos com vida independente. A disfunção temporomandibular foi avaliada por exame odontológico e o zumbido foi verificado pela história médica. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando o teste Qui-quadrado, o risco relativo e a regressão logística. Resultados O zumbido foi observado em 82,9% dos indivíduos com disfunção temporomandibular e, através desta análise, observou-se que a disfunção temporomandibular é um fator de risco para o zumbido. Conclusão Houve associação entre zumbido e disfunção temporomandibular na população idosa. Ressalta-se a importância de identificar fatores de risco para o zumbido, que podem ser modificados por meio de intervenções específicas, uma vez que esta prática é essencial na prevenção de episódios futuros, bem como na gestão do processo de tratamento de pacientes idosos, em geral.

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify the association between tinnitus and temporomandibular dysfunction in the elderly. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted with the inclusion of elderly individuals with independent living. Temporomandibular dysfunction was assessed by odontological evaluation and tinnitus was verified by medical history. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, relative risk and logistic regression. Results Tinnitus was observed in 82.9% of individuals with temporomandibular dysfunction and through this analysis is shown that temporomandibular dysfunction as a risk factor for tinnitus. Conclusion The results showed that there was association between tinnitus and temporomandibular dysfunction in the elderly population and emphasizes the importance of identifying risk factors for tinnitus that can be modified through specific interventions, since it is essential in the prevention of future episodes, as well as managing the process of treatment of elderly patients in general.

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the influence of the presence of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) on postural balance in elderly individuals. Methods The study sample consisted of 150 elderly: 103 women (67.7±5.0 years) and 47 men (69.3±5.5 years). Evaluation of the presence and severity of TMD included an anamnesis questionnaire, an evaluation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and a muscular examination, which allowed the division of the elderly into 2 groups: G1 (experimental, n=95), with TMD; G2 (control, n=55), without TMD. Postural balance was assessed by means of the one-leg stance test (OLST) on a force platform (BIOMEC400), thus permitting the following measurements: center of foot pressure (COP); mean sway velocity (MV) and frequency (MF) of COP in both the anteroposterior (VAP and FAP) and medial/lateral (VML and FML) directions. The statistical analysis of data was performed using independent t-test, Variance Analysis, and Chi Square test (α=5%). Results Presence of TMD was observed in 63.3% of the individuals (Group 2), with different degrees of severity (mild: 42.7%, moderate: 14.7%, severe: 6%). Significantly higher TMD was observed for women (73.8%) compared with men (40.4%) (p=0.0002). No significant difference was found in between the groups for all balance parameters, e.g., presence and severity of TMD, presence of pain to palpation of TMJ and of masticatory and cervical muscles. Conclusion The presence and severity of TMD, in addition to the presence of pain to palpation of TMJ and masticatory and cervical muscles did not alter the variables related to postural balance in this population.

ABSTRACT Objective This in situ/ex vivo study investigated the effect of CO2 laser irradiation and acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (APF) application, separately and in combination, on enamel resistance to erosion. Material and Methods During 2 experimental 5-day crossover phases, 8 volunteers wore intraoral appliances containing bovine enamel blocks which were submitted to four groups: 1st phase - control, untreated and CO2 laser irradiation, 2nd phase - fluoride application and fluoride application before CO2 laser irradiation. Laser irradiation was performed at 10.6 µm wavelength, 5 µs pulse duration and 50 Hz frequency, with average power input and output of 2.3 W and 2.0 W, respectively (28.6 J/cm2). APF gel (1.23%F, pH 3.5) was applied on enamel surface with a microbrush and left on for 4 minutes. Then, the enamel blocks were fixed at the intraoral appliance level. The erosion was performed extraorally 4 times daily for 5 min in 150 mL of cola drink. Enamel loss was measured profilometrically after treatment and after the in situ phase. The data were tested using one-way Repeated Measures Anova and Tukey's test (p<0.05). Results CO2 laser alone (2.00±0.39 µm) did not show any significantly preventive effect against enamel erosion when compared with the control group (2.41±1.20 µm). Fluoride treated enamel, associated (1.50±0.30 µm) or not (1.47±0.63 µm) with laser irradiation, significantly differed from the control. Conclusion The APF application decreased enamel wear; however, CO2 laser irradiation did not enhance fluoride ability to reduce enamel wear.

O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar os efeitos do clareamento dental com ozônio (O3) quanto à alteração de cor e microdureza do esmalte. Blocos de esmalte (3 x 3 x 3mm) foram aleatoriamente distribuídos entre os tratamentos (n=10). Alteração de cor (ΔE) e microdureza Knoop foram avaliados antes e após cada um dos seguintes tratamentos: C - água deionizada (controle); PH - peróxido de hidrogênio a 37,5% (Pola Office+/ SDI); PLA - gel placebo; O3 - ozônio; O2 - oxigênio. Quatro aplicações de PH e PLA foram realizadas por 8 minutos cada e uma aplicação de O3 e O2 foram realizados por 19 minutos em cada bloco de esmalte. ANOVA a um critério mostrou que os valores de ΔE não foram significativamente influenciados pelo tratamento (p = 0,112). Para os tratamentos com PH, PLA, O3 e O2, o ΔE foi maior que 3,3. O teste t pareado mostrou diminução significativa dos valores de microdureza no final do tratamento quando comparado com o tempo baseline (p < 0,001), mas não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos (ANOVA; p = 0,313). O tratamento com O3, PH, O2 e PLA levou a alteração de cor do esmalte clinicamente perceptível, embora tenha sido observada diminuição da microdureza do esmalte com a realização dos tratamentos.

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of dental bleaching with ozone (O3) on color change and enamel microhardness. Enamel blocks (3 x 3 x 3mm) were randomly distributed for treatments (n=10). Color change (ΔE) and Knoop microhardness of the enamel blocks were evaluated before and after the following treatments: C - deionized water (control); HP - 37.5% hydrogen peroxide (Pola Office+/ SDI); PLA - placebo gel; O3 - ozone; and O2 - oxygen. Four 8-minute applications were used for HP and PLA, and one 19-minute application for O3 and O2.One-way ANOVA revealed that ΔE was not significantly influenced by the treatment (p = 0.112). For the treatments with HP, PLA, O3 andO2, ΔE was greater than 3.3. The paired t test showed significant decrease in microhardness after treatments (p < 0.001) but no significant difference between treatments (ANOVA; p = 0.313). Dental bleaching treatments with O3, HP, O2 and PLA induced enamel color changes that may be clinically discernible, although enamel microhardeness decreased.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate condyle concentricity and morphology, and their association with Class I and II malocclusions (Angle). The sample consisted of 49 individuals of both genders, between 11 and 35 years old, divided into two groups, G1: 26 patients with Class I malocclusion, and G2: 23 patients with Class II malocclusion, selected for orthodontic treatment. Evaluation of the condyle morphology and position was performed by the same previously calibrated examiner using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of the subjects. The CBCT scans were analyzed by means of a 3D program (Dolphin 11.5, Dolphin Imaging & Management Solutions, Chatsworth, CA, USA), with a 25% level of sensitivity. The images obtained from the coronal slices were employed for the condyle morphology analysis, which classified the condyle form as rounded, as flat or convex, and as triangular or angled. The sagittal slices were used to classify further the condyles as concentric and displaced anteriorly or posteriorly. A clinical examination was also performed, including TMJ and muscle palpation. The kappa test was used to evaluate investigator calibration; the Chi-square and paired t-tests were used for analysis. The convex and anteriorly positioned condyles were found most frequently, regardless of the type of malocclusion. No association was observed between the groups regarding condylar characteristics.

The purpose of this study was to describe changes in the mood state of combat sport athletes during the weight cutting phases and subsequent recovery before the start of the main competitive events of the season. One hundred and five men and women combat sport specialist of Olympic wrestling, taekwondo and boxing were weighted and answered the abbreviated version of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) 30 to 60 minutes before the official weigh-in (PRE) and 30 to 60 minutes before the start of the first bout (POST) of their respective national championships. The results showed significant improvements (p < .05) in the Anger, Fatigue and Depression dimensions, although these changes do not appear to be related to the percentage change in the body mass experienced by these athletes during the same period (r < .261). These findings indicate that the 12-18 hours that separate the official weigh-in and the start of the tournament produce substantial improvements on the athletes´ mood state, although these changes seems to be independent on their body mass oscillations.

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as alterações sofridas pelo clima que os atletas lutaram durante as fases de redução de peso e subsequente recuperação antes do início dos eventos prioritários da temporada competitivos. Um total de 105 homens e mulheres especialistas nas categorias de combate de wrestling, taekwondo e boxe foram pesados e responderam a versão curta do Profile of Mood States (POMS) entre 30 e 60 minutos antes da pesagem oficial (PRE) e entre 30 e 60 minutos antes do início do primeiro ataque (POST) nos seus respectivos campeonatos nacionais. Os resultados mostraram que houve melhora significativa (p < .05) nas dimensões de raiva, fadiga e depressão, embora estas alterações não parecem relacionadas com a variação percentual de massa corporal vivida por atletas durante este mesmo período (r <0,261). Estes resultados indicam que as 12-18 horas que separam a pesagem oficial eo início do torneio em combate esportes adotivos melhorias substanciais em seus humores, mas essas mudanças parecem ser independentes de sua flutuação de massa corporal.

El propósito de este estudio ha sido describir los cambios que sufre el estado de ánimo que presentan los deportistas de combate durante las fases de bajada de peso y su posterior recuperación antes del comienzo de los eventos competitivos prioritarios de la temporada. Un total de 105 hombres y mujeres especialistas en las modalidades de combate de lucha olímpica, taekwondo y boxeo fueron pesados y contestaron la versión abreviada del Perfil de Estados de Ánimo (POMS) entre 30 y 60 minutos antes del pesaje oficial (PRE) y entre 30 y 60 minutos antes del comienzo del primer combate (POST) de sus respectivos campeonatos nacionales. Los resultados demostraron que las hubo mejoras significativas (p < .05) en las dimensiones de Cólera, Fatiga y Depresión, aunque estos cambios no parecen estar relacionados con la variación porcentual de la masa corporal que experimentan los deportistas durante este mismo periodo (r < .261). Estos hallazgos nos indican que las 12-18 horas que separan el pesaje oficial y el comienzo del torneo en deportes de combate propician mejoras sustanciales en sus estados de ánimo, aunque estos cambios parecen ser independientes de sus fluctuación de la masa corporal.

Introduction Raman spectroscopy may become a tool for the analysis of glucose and triglycerides in human serum in real time. This study aimed to detect spectral differences in lipid and glucose components of human serum, thus evaluating the feasibility of Raman spectroscopy for diagnostic purposes. Methods A total of 44 samples of blood serum were collected from volunteers and submitted for clinical blood biochemical analysis. The concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density and high-density lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) were obtained using standard biochemical assays. Serum samples were placed in Eppendorf tubes (200 µL), kept cooled (5 °C) and analyzed with near-infrared Raman spectroscopy (830 nm, 250 mW, 50 s accumulation). The mean spectra of serum with normal or altered concentrations of each parameter were compared to determine which Raman bands were related to the differences between these two groups. Results Differences in peak intensities of altered sera compared to normal ones depended on the parameter under analysis: for glucose, peaks were related to glucose; for lipid compounds the main changes occurred in the peaks related to cholesterol, lipids (mainly triolein) and proteins. Principal Components Analysis discriminated altered glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides from the normal serum based on the differences in the concentration of these compounds. Conclusion Differences in the peak intensities of selected Raman bands could be seen in normal and altered blood serum samples, and may be employed as a means of diagnosis in clinical analysis.